What are the exceptions to the right to distribute?

For libraries and similar archiving entities, there are safe harbors which allow these entities to reproduce and distribute protected works for certain noncommercial purposes. The doctrine of first sale is also an exception, of sorts, to the exclusive right to distribute, limiting an author’s right to only the initial sale of a work. The author has no control over any subsequent sales of his work once initially purchased (except with respect to sound recordings or computer programs, which are exempted from this first sale doctrine).